Spatial Heterogeneity in Hedonic Price Effects for Lake Water Quality.

This study uses Zillow's ZTRAX property transaction database to investigate variation in hedonic price effects of water clarity on single-family houses throughout the United States. We consider five spatial scales and estimate models using different sample selection criteria and model specifications. Our results indicate considerable spatial heterogeneity both within and across the four U.S. Census regions. However, we also find heterogeneity resulting from different types of investigator decisions, including sample selection and modelling choices. Thus, it is necessary to use practical knowledge to consider the limits of market areas and to investigate the robustness of estimation results to investigator choices. (JEL Q51).

Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight: Prevalence and Associated Factors in an Adult Population from Northwest Colombia.

Background and Aim: Individuals with a normal weight may have metabolic alterations at risk for chronic non-communicable diseases. The prevalence of this condition and associated factors have not been reported in Latin American populations. We aimed to estimate the presence and associated factors of Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight (MUNW) in adults from a public program for the control and prevention of chronic diseases in Medellín, Colombia. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Overweight and normal weight were characterized according to the absence or presence of one or more components of the metabolic syndrome, obtaining four phenotypes: Metabolically Healthy Normal Weight (MHNW), MUNW (phenotype of interest), Metabolically Healthy Overweight (MHO), and Metabolically Unhealthy Overweight (MUO). The association of these phenotypes with sociodemographic variables of lifestyles and increased waist circumference was conducted by using logistic regression. Results: In 37,558 individuals (72.7% women), the prevalence of MUNW was 23.3%. Among the additional phenotypes, MUO was found to be more prevalent (71.6%), while MHNW and MHO were very slightly common, 2% and 3.1%, respectively. In a multiple model, the factors associated with MUNW were age over 60 years (trend [OR 1.56 95% CI 0.97-2.52] p-value = 0.066), living in a rural area ([OR 1.58 95% CI 1.09-2.29] p-value = 0.015), and increased waist circumference ([OR 1.68 95% CI 1.45-1.95] p-value < 0.001). Male gender was inversely associated with all phenotypes (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Almost a quarter of the analyzed population presented MUNW. People living in a rural area and over 60 years old were more likely to present MUNW. Men were less likely to present the weight phenotypes studied, although they could have been underrepresented.

Consumo de bebidas azucaradas, agua y alcohol en adolescentes chilenos / Consumption of sugary drinks, water, and alcohol among chilean adolescents

Fundamentos: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el consumo de bebidas azucaradas, agua y alcoholen adolescentes chilenos.Métodos: Este estudio analizó datos secundarios de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) de Chile 2016-2017,enfocándose en adolescentes de 15 a 18 años. Se analizó el consumo de bebidas azucaradas, agua y alcohol,así como variables antropométricas.Resultados: El estudio incluyó 226 adolescentes con una mediana de edad de 16 años (RI 15,0-17,0), siendoun 58,8% de sexo femenino y un 84,9% residentes en zonas urbanas. Se encontró que el 46,4% de losparticipantes tenían exceso de peso y el 24,1% presentaba riesgo de obesidad abdominal. El consumo regularde bebidas azucaradas fue del 87,6%, el 44,7% consumía al menos 1 trago en un día típico de consumo dealcohol y el 39,8% bebía menos de 3 vasos de agua diarios. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamentesignificativas en el comportamiento de las variables según el sexo y estado nutricional, pero sí se encontró unaumento en la proporción a medida que aumenta la edad.Conclusiones: Se observa una alta prevalencia de consumo de bebidas azucaradas y alcohol, y bajo consumode agua. Resalta la necesidad de promover el agua como principal fuente de hidratación en el ámbito escolary familiar.(AU)

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the consumption of sugary drinks, water, andalcohol among Chilean adolescents.Methods: This study analyzed secondary data from the Chilean National Health Survey (ENS) 2016-2017,focusing on adolescents aged 15 to 18 years. The consumption of sugary drinks, water, and alcohol, as well asanthropometric variables, were analyzed.Results: The study included 226 adolescents with a median age of 16 years (IQR 15.0-17.0), of whom 58.8%were female, and 84.9% resided in urban areas. It was found that 46.4% of the participants were overweight,and 24.1% had abdominal obesity risk. The regular consumption of sugary drinks was 87.6%, 44.7% consumedat least 1 alcoholic drink on a typical day, and 39.8% drank fewer than 3 glasses of water daily. There were nostatistically significant differences in the behavior of the variables according to sex and nutritional status, butan increase in the proportion was observed as age increased.Conclusions: A high prevalence of consumption of sugary drinks and alcohol, along with low water intake,highlights the need to promote water as the primary source of hydration in both school and family environments.(AU)

Acute Phase Proteins in Dogs with Natural Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi.

Acute phase proteins have been used as tools for the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of several diseases in domestic animals. However, the dynamics of these proteins in infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease in dogs, is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, ferritin and paraoxonase-1) in dogs in a coastal town of Ecuador, with natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection with or without seroreactivity of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis. For the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi serum antibodies, two different antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests were implemented. For the detection of seroreactivity of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis, an IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® test was used. To determine the concentration of C-reactive protein and ferritin, an immunoturbidimetric assay was used; haptoglobin concentration was measured using a commercial colorimetric method validated in dogs; a spectrophotometric method was used to determine the serum concentration of paraoxonase-1. Results showed a reduction in the serum levels of paraoxonase-1 in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs, either with or without seroreactivity to other vector-borne diseases. A serum ferritin increment was observed in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs with seroreactivity to any other vector-borne diseases. Our findings suggest that paraoxonase-1 levels are reduced in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs without evident clinical signs of Chagas disease, despite their seroreactivity to the other vector-borne diseases studied. These findings could indicate an oxidative stress response in Trypanosoma cruzi-seroreactive dogs with no evident signs of inflammation.

Valuing water quality in the United States using a national dataset on property values.

High-quality water resources provide a wide range of benefits, but the value of water quality is often not fully represented in environmental policy decisions, due in large part to an absence of water quality valuation estimates at large, policy relevant scales. Using data on property values with nationwide coverage across the contiguous United States, we estimate the benefits of lake water quality as measured through capitalization in housing markets. We find compelling evidence that homeowners place a premium on improved water quality. This premium is largest for lakefront property and decays with distance from the waterbody. In aggregate, we estimate that 10% improvement of water quality for the contiguous United States has a value of $6 to 9 billion to property owners. This study provides credible evidence for policymakers to incorporate lake water quality value estimates in environmental decision-making.

Dual burden of individual malnutrition in children 1-4 years: Findings from the Colombian nutritional health survey ENSIN 2015.

BACKGROUND: To date there are no studies with estimation of multiple types of double burden of individual malnutrition (DBIM) and evaluation of associated determinants. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and social determinants associated with the double burden of individual malnutrition in children aged 1-4 years. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from Colombian nutritional heath survey ENSIN 2015. Global DBIM was analysed on the basis of excess weight and the presence of one or more micronutrient deficiencies (vitamin A, D, zinc, or iron) and/or stunting. Specific DBIM pairs were also analysed. Logistic regression was used to evaluate variables associated with DBIM. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 6807 children. The overall DBIM prevalence was 4%. The prevalence of DBIM in children affected by overweight or obesity was 75%. Male sex was associated with global DBIM (OR 2.19 (1.52-3.16) p = 0.000), indigenous children presented 6 times the DBIM due to stunting (OR 6.17 (1.67-22.7) p = 0.007). Children from the Atlantic (OR 3.95 (1.23-12.61) p = 0.021), central (OR 8.80 (2.38-32.49) p = 0.001) and Pacific (OR 4.19 (1.21-14.49) p = 0.024) regions, had a higher chance of DBIM due to iron deficiency. Children from east region (OR 3.03 (1.12-8.16) p = 0.029) and Bogotá city (OR 4.15 (1.65-12.32) p = 0.004) were associated with DBIM due to vitamin D deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Children with overweight or obesity had a high likelihood of presenting micronutrients deficiencies or stunting. Ethnicity, male sex and country region of residence were variables associated with overall DBIM or specific DBIM.

Bioinformatic Approach of B and T Cell Epitopes of PLD and CP40 Proteins of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis Mexican Isolate 2J-L towards a Peptide-Based Vaccine.

Mapping B and T cell epitopes constitutes an important action for peptide vaccine design. PLD and CP40 virulence factors of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis, a causal agent of Caseous Lymphadenitis, have been evaluated in a murine model as good candidates for vaccine development. Therefore, the goal of this work was to in silico analyze B and T cell epitopes of the PLD and CP40 proteins of a Mexican isolate of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis. The Immune Epitope Data Base and Resource website was employed to predict the linear and conformational B-cell, T CD4+, and T CD8+ epitopes of PLD and CP40 proteins of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis Mexican strain 2J-L. Fifty B cell epitopes for PLD 2J-L and forty-seven for CP40 2J-L were estimated. In addition, T CD4+ and CD8+ cell epitopes were predicted for PLD 2J-L (MHC I:16 epitopes, MHC II:10 epitopes) and CP40 2J-L (MHC I: 15 epitopes, MHC II: 13 epitopes). This study provides epitopes, paying particular attention to sequences selected by different predictor programs and overlap sequences as B and T cell epitopes. PLD 2J-L and CP40 2J-L protein epitopes may aid in the design of a promising peptide-based vaccine against Caseous Lymphadenitis in Mexico.

Maternal ancestry and lineages diversity of the Santander population from Colombia.

Santander, located in the Andean region of Colombia, is one of the 32 departments of the country. Its population was shaped by intercontinental admixture between autochthonous native Americans, European settlers, and African slaves. To establish forensic databases of haplotype frequencies, the evaluation of population substructure is crucial to capture the genetic diversity in admixed populations. Total control region mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid haplotypes were determined for 204 individuals born in the seven provinces across the department. The maternal native heritage is highly preserved in Santander genetic background, with 90% of the haplotypes belonging to haplogroups inside A2, B4, C1, and D. Most native lineages are found broadly across the American continent, while some sub-branches are concentrated in Central America and north South America. Subtle European (6%) and African (4%) input was detected. In pairwise comparisons between provinces, relatively high FST values were found in some cases, although not statistically significant. Nonetheless, when provinces were grouped according to the principal component analysis results, significant differences were detected between groups. The database on mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid control region haplotype frequencies established here can be further used for populational and forensic purposes.

Propuesta de una escala predictiva de deterioro cognitivo en pacientes adultos con neurocisticercosis / Proposal for a predictive scale of cognitive impairment in adult patients with neurocysticercosis

RESUMEN Fundamento La afectación cognitiva en pacientes con neurocisticercosis es frecuente, por lo tanto, resulta de gran utilidad contar con instrumentos pronósticos para establecer un mejor manejo de esta. Objetivo proponer una escala predictiva de deterioro cognitivo en pacientes adultos con neurocisticercosis. Métodos estudio con diseño correlacional, prospectivo y transversal, que incluyó 93 pacientes con neurocisticercosis. A través de datos aportados por investigaciones previas, se seleccionaron las variables, las cuales se relacionaron con la aparición de deterioro cognitivo en el análisis bivariado (p<0,05). Como técnica de análisis multivariado, se realizó un escalamiento multidimensional (PROXSCAL) (s-stress < 0,001 y coeficiente de congruencia de Tucker > 0,999). Se determinó el rendimiento pronóstico de cada uno de las variables, mediante la sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos positivo y negativo, con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95 %. Resultados se elaboró una escala con formato dicotómico, que incluyó 7 factores (4 clínicos y 3 tomográficos), con los que se obtuvo una puntuación de 0 a 7 puntos para la predicción de deterioro cognitivo en pacientes adultos con neurocisticercosis, con una probabilidad de: 0-1 punto: 75,3 %; 2-3 puntos: 95 %; ≥ 4 puntos: 96 %. Conclusión El instrumento propuesto presenta una precisión pronóstica aceptable; es sencillo, reproducible y necesita poco tiempo para su aplicación. A pesar de sus limitaciones, pudiera mejorar la calidad de la atención de los pacientes con neurocisticercosis, pues permite orientar el manejo de esta condición.

ABSTRACT Background Cognitive impairment in patients with neurocysticercosis is frequent, therefore, it is very useful to have prognostic instruments to establish a better management of it. Objective to propose a predictive scale of cognitive impairment in adult patients with neurocysticercosis. Methods study with a correlational, prospective and cross-sectional design, which included 93 patients with neurocysticercosis. Through data provided by previous research, the variables were selected, which were related to the appearance of cognitive impairment in the bivariate analysis (p<0.05). As a multivariate analysis technique, a multidimensional scaling (PROXSCAL) was performed (s-stress < 0.001 and Tucker's congruence coefficient > 0.999). The prognostic performance of each of the variables was determined by means of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values, with their respective 9 5% confidence intervals. Results a scale with a dichotomous format was developed, which included 7 factors (4 clinical and 3 tomographic), with which a score of 0 to 7 points was obtained for the prediction of cognitive impairment in adult patients with neurocysticercosis, with a probability of: 0-1 point: 75.3 %; 2-3 points: 95 %; ≥ 4 points: 96 %. Conclusion The proposed instrument has an acceptable prognostic accuracy; it is simple, reproducible and requires little time for its application. Despite its limitations, it could improve the quality of care for patients with neurocysticercosis, since it allows guiding the management of this condition.

Correlación entre estado cognitivo y hallazgos tomográficos en pacientes con neurocisticercosis. Ecuador, 2019 - 2020

RESUMEN Fundamento: Muchos pacientes con neurocisticercosis manifiestan deterioro cognitivo, con afectaciones importantes en su calidad de vida. Objetivo determinar la correlación entre el estado cognitivo y los hallazgos tomográficos en pacientes con neurocisticercosis. Métodos estudio correlacional, prospectivo y transversal, que incluyó a 93 pacientes con diagnóstico de neurocisticercosis atendidos en dos hospitales ecuatorianos, desde mayo de 2019 a mayo de 2020. Para la valoración cognitiva se utilizó el Mini-Mental State Examination, de Folstein. Se estimó el riesgo relativo y la prueba de Chi cuadrado, considerando significación estadística si p<0,05. Para el análisis multivariado se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística binaria. Resultados entre los hallazgos tomográficos, se destacaron las lesiones mayores de 1 cm (32,2 %), las múltiples (30,1 %), localizadas en la región parietal (34,4 %) y las subaracnoideas (46,2 %). La evaluación cognitiva mostró resultados normales en 74,2 % de los casos, así como demencia leve a moderada en 9,7 % de los pacientes. El área más afectada fue la del lenguaje (54,8 %). La demencia se asoció principalmente con el tamaño de la lesión mayor de un 1 centímetro [RR: 7,35; IC 95 %: 1,62-33,3], seguido del número de lesiones (múltiples o racemosa) y la topografía mixta. En el análisis multivariado estas perdieron la correlación. Conclusión El déficit cognitivo tuvo una prevalencia menor a la descrita en la literatura especializada, y se asoció con variables tomográficas como el tamaño, número y localización de las lesiones; en el análisis multivariado, ninguno de estos factores mantuvo su significación estadística.

ABSTRACT Background Many patients with neurocysticercosis manifest cognitive damage, with important effects on their quality of life. Objective to determine the correlation between cognitive status and tomographic findings in patients with neurocysticercosis. Method correlational, prospective and cross-sectional study, which included 93 patients diagnosed with neurocysticercosis treated in two Ecuadorian hospitals, from May 2019 to May 2020. The Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination was used for cognitive assessment. The relative risk and the Chi square test were estimated, considering statistical significance if p<0.05. For the multivariate analysis, a binary logistic regression model was used. Results among the tomographic findings, lesions greater than 1 cm (32.2%), multiple (30.1%), located in the parietal region (34.4%) and subarachnoid (46.2%) enhance. The cognitive evaluation showed normal results in 74.2% of the cases, as well as mild to moderate dementia in 9.7% of the patients. The most affected area was the language (54.8%). Dementia was mainly associated with lesion size greater than 1 centimeter [RR: 7.35; 95% CI: 1.62-33.3], followed by the number of lesions (multiple or racemose) and the mixed topography. In the multivariate analysis, these lost the correlation. Conclusion The cognitive deficit had a lower prevalence than that described in the specialized literature, and was associated with tomographic variables such as the size, number and location of the lesions; in multivariate analysis, none of these factors maintained their statistical significance.

Case Report: Fibroglial Retinal Tissue in Contractile Morning Glory Disc Anomaly.

The purpose of the present case is to describe a patient with tractional retinal detachment (RD) associated with contractile morning glory: a 17-year-old female, with a history of failed surgery for RD when she was 2 years old in her right eye (OD), nystagmus, and a limited visual acuity in the left eye (OS). The slit lamp examination showed phthisis bulbi in OD and the anterior segment was unremarkable in OS. Dilated fundus examination revealed a tractional RD in the posterior pole and peripapillary and preretinal fibrosis without evidence of intravitreal dispersion of retinal pigment epithelial cells. After surgery treatment, the RD resolved and the posterior segment showed a staphylomatous excavation around the optic disc anomaly with irregular contractions that folded the macular area. This were unrelated to light, breathing, or eye movements. Although morning glory disc anomaly is associated with RD, the early diagnosis can reverse structural changes. In this case, the rare association with contractile movements was found posterior to the pars plana vitrectomy after all the fibroglial epiretinal tissue was removed.

Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of nine commercial RT-PCR kits for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Colombia.

The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has led to the design and development of multiple reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction kits aimed to facilitate the rapid scale-up of molecular testing for massive screening. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of nine commercial kits, which showed optimal performance and high discriminatory power. However, we observed differences in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and E gene Ct Values and discuss these results in light of the influence of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variability and its potential impact in current molecular diagnostic assays.

Patterns of genetic diversity in Colombia for 38 indels used in human identification.

The current population of Colombia has a genetic heterogeneity resulting from different migrations from other continents and within the country. In addition, there are small groups in their territory that have remained isolated and therefore have a different genetic pool in relation to that of the neighbouring urban populations. This population stratification must be considered in forensic analysis, being more complex for markers with marked intercontinental differentiation. In this study, population differentiation in Colombian admixed, native, and Afro-descendant populations was evaluated for a group of 38 indels described for forensic use. Allelic frequencies and parameters of forensic relevance were determined in each of the groups defined based on population differentiation analyses. In addition to the differences found between population groups, the results show that the set of 38 indels analysed could be useful in studies of individual identification in Colombia. The exclusion power presented by this set of markers suggests the need for joint use with other markers, being able to complement the STRs in paternity cases. High levels of both power of discrimination and exclusion were found when complementing the 38 HID-indels with a second multiplex, for a total of 83 indels.

The arrival and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Colombia.

We performed phylogenomic analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 from 88 infected individuals across different regions of Colombia. Eleven different lineages were detected, suggesting multiple introduction events. Pangolin lineages B.1 and B.1.5 were the most frequent, with B.1 being associated with prior travel to high-risk areas.

Antimicrobial resistance of three common molecularly identified pathogenic bacteria to Allium aqueous extracts.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro bacterial inhibition of different types of garlic on Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial strains were molecularly identified using gen 16S rDNA molecular identification. Four different types of garlics were used: 1) white, 2) Japanese, 3) elephant and 3) black, and these were evaluated at two different concentrations (0.25 and 0.125 g/mL) per garlic type. Bioactive compounds present in the garlics were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV), and total polyphenols were quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu technique. The Kirby-Bauber method was used for the bacterial evaluation. Aqueous extract of black garlic had the highest amount of polyphenols 6.26 ± 0.21 mg GAE/mL. The area of inhibition was measured and classified as sensitive, intermediate or resistant. Using the disc diffusion assay, higher concentration (0.25 g/mL) of aqueous extract of white garlic had the highest antibacterial activity area, with 21.46 ± 3.94 mm for L. monocytogenes, 20.61 ± 2.47 mm for S. aureus and 17.83 ± 2.21 mm for E. coli. White garlic had comparable antimicrobial activity as the control (tetracycline at 30 µg) as indicated by the size of the inhibition halos. Based on your results, white garlic can be used as an alternative to synthetic antimicrobials.

Evaluation of four rapid diagnostic tests for canine and human visceral Leishmaniasis in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis caused by different species of Leishmania affect 98 countries worldwide. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the mortal clinical presentation of the disease that causes the dead to more than 90% of the patients who suffer it. The diagnosis of VL is made by the direct observation of the parasite in bone marrow, spleen and/or liver aspirates that requires complex proceedings. Therefore, serum samples are submitted to Indirect Immunofluorescence to identify the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Despite the variability in the diagnostic performance of the Immunochromatographic Tests (ICTs), there are many evidences that suggest that ICTs can be used for epidemiological screening. However, in Colombia there are not any evidence about the performance of the ICTs for VL diagnosis, both for human and canine serum samples. Therefore, this study evaluated the diagnostic performance of 4 ICTs for VL (2 ICTs in human sera and 2 ICTs in canine sera) in samples from endemic areas of Colombia. METHODS: We selected a total of 156 human serum samples (82 positive and 74 negative for VL) and 126 canine serum samples (71 positive and 54 negative) diagnosed by in house Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF). The samples were submitted to the ICTs following the manufacturers' instructions. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of each ICT in comparison with the IIF. PCR for HSP70 gene and sanger sequencing was performed in samples with negative results for both ICTs. RESULTS: The sensitivity (S) of both ICTs for human samples (Ad-bio Leishmania IgG/IgM Combo Rapid Test and Kalazar Detect™) was 91.5% and specificity (E) were 93.2 and 89.2% respectively, while for the ICTs tested on canine samples (Kalazar Detect™ Rapid Test, Canine and DPP® CVL rapid test) we found S values between 82.9 and 85.7% and E values between 79.6 and 92.6%. We found L. infantum by PCR and sequencing in 2 human samples, and L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis in canine serum samples that were negative by both ICTs. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that both tests evaluated on human samples have a similar diagnostic performance, while the Kalazar Detect™ Rapid Test, Canine showed a better diagnostic performance than the DPP® CVL rapid test evaluated on canine samples. Also, we suggest that it is necessary to design tests with antigens of the circulating strains to increase its diagnostic utility.

Determinación de clorhidrato de clembuterol en orina de bovinos en tres rastros municipales del estado de México / Determination of Clenbuterol Hydrochloride in Bovine Urine in Three Municipal Slaughterhouses of the State of Mexico / Determinação de cloridrato de clenbuterol em urina de bovinos em três trilhas municipais do estado do México

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el porcentaje de bovinos para abasto positivos a clorhidrato de clembuterol (CCL), con base en muestras de orina de bovinos sacrificados en 3 rastros del estado de México. Para esto se colectaron muestras en los rastros municipales de Toluca (59), Ixtlahuaca (52) y Atlacomulco (40), y se obtuvo un total de 151 muestras. El análisis de las muestras se realizó a través de la prueba de ELISA y para el reporte de resultados se utilizó estadística descriptiva. De las muestras analizadas 105 fueron positivas (69,53 %), por rastro la positividad, fue de 48, 30 y 27 respectivamente. Al establecer diferentes rangos de concentración a CCL, en el rango de 200 a 1999 pg g-1 se ubicaron 46 muestras; 6 muestras, en el rango de 2000 a 3525 pg g-1; 3, en el rango de 3526 a 5050 pg g-1; 1 muestra, entre 5051 y 6575 pg g-1, y 95 se ubicaron entre 6575 y >8100 pg g-1. El rastro con mayor porcentaje de positividad fue el de Toluca, con base en los rangos establecidos, y las concentraciones más elevadas también se observaron en el mismo rastro. El límite mínimo de detección de CCL de 2000 pg g-1 permite considerar que, con base tanto en la concentración como en su cinética, las cantidades detectadas en el estudio sirven como un indicador importante de residualidad a través de este tipo de muestra.

Abstract The present work aimed to determine the percentage of bovines that tested positive for clenbuterol hydrochloride (CCL), based on urine samples of cattle slaughtered in 3 slaughterhouses of the State of Mexico. To the effect, samples were collected in the municipal slaughterhouses of Toluca (59), Ixtlahuaca (52), and Atlacomulco (40), resulting in a total of 151 samples. Sample analysis was carried out using the ELISA test, and descriptive statistics were used to report the results. 105 of the analyzed samples were positive (69.53%); by slaughterhouse, positivity was 48, 30, and 27, respectively. When establishing different ranges of CCL concentration, 46 samples were in the range of 200 to 1999 pg g-1; 6 samples were in the range of 2000 to 3525 pg g-1; 3 were in the range of 3526 to 5050 pg g-1; 1 sample was between 5051 and 6575 pg g-1, and 95 samples were between 6575 and >8100 pg g-1. The slaughterhouse with the highest percentage of positivity was that of Toluca, based on the established ranges, and the highest concentrations were also observed there. The minimum limit for the detection of CCL (2000 pg g-1) allows considering that, based on both concentration and kinetics, the quantities detected in the study serve as an important indicator of residuality in this type of sample.

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a porcentagem de bovinos para fornecimento, positivos ao cloridrato de Clenbuterol (CCL), baseados em amostras de urina de bovinos abatidos em três trilhas do estado de México. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras nas trilhas municipais de Toluca (59), Ixtlahuaca (52) e Atlacomulco (40), e obtivera-se um total de 151 amostras. A análise das amostras realizou-se através do teste de ELISA e para o relatório de resultados foi usada estatística descritiva. Das amostras analisadas 105 foram positivas (69,53 %), pelo traço a positividade foi de 48, 30 e 27 respetivamente. Ao estabelecer diferentes faixas de concentração a CCL, 46 amostras foram colocadas na faixa de 200 a 1999 pg g-1; 6 amostras na faixa de 2000 a 3525 pg g-1; 3 na faixa de 3526 a 5050 pg g-1; 1 amostra entre 5051 e 6575 pg g-1, e 95 entre 6575 e >8100 pg g-1. A trilha com maior porcentagem de positividade foi a de Toluca, baseada nas faixas estabelecidas e as concentrações mais altas observaram-se na mesma trilha. O limite mínimo de detecção de CCL de 2000 pg g-1 permite considerar que, baseado na concentração e na cinética, as quantidades detectadas no estudo servem como indicador importante de residualidade através deste tipo de amostra.

Respuestas fisiológicas de Piaractus brachypomus suplementado con ácido ascórbico y sometido a estrés por hipoxia / Physiological responses of Piaractus brachypomus supplemented with ascorbic acid and subjected to hypoxia stress / Respostas fisiológicas de Piaractus brachypomus suplementado com ácido ascórbico e submetido a estresse por hipoxia

Resumen Juveniles de Piaractus brachypomus (30 ± 4,76g) fueron alimentados ad libitum durante 30 d con una dieta de 32 % de proteína, suplementada con seis cantidades diferentes de ácido ascórbico (AA): T1 = 0 mg/kg; T2 = 100 mg/kg; T3 = 200 mg/kg; T4 = 400 mg/kg; T5 = 800 mg/kg; T6 = 1600 mg/kg. Finalizada la fase de alimentación, los animales estuvieron en exposición aérea durante 60 s y luego se devolvieron al agua. Se colectó sangre mediante punción en la vena caudal de tres individuos por tratamiento a los 5; 30; 60 y 360 min después de haber sido devueltos al agua. Con estas muestras se determinaron en plasma las concentraciones de cortisol, glucosa, lactato y proteínas totales. En suero, se midió la concentración de los iones Cl- y Na+. Finalmente se calculó la sobrevivencia. Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza ANAVA, y cuando se encontraron diferencias, las medias se compararon mediante prueba de Tukey (α = 0,05). El cortisol presentó el pico más alto en los ejemplares alimentados con la dieta libre de AA. Las concentraciones de glucosa fueron menores en los peces suplementados con 400 mg/kg a los 5, 30 y 60 min. Las concentraciones de los dos iones se mantuvieron estables a través del tiempo en los ejemplares suplementados con 200 mg/kg. La supervivencia fue de 100 % en todos los tratamientos. La suplementación con concentraciones entre 100 y 400 mg/kg AA mejoró la respuesta de los animales ante el estrés por hipoxia.

Abstract Juveniles of Piaractus brachypomus (30 ± 4.76 g) were fed ad libitum for 30 days with a diet of 32% protein, supplemented with six different amounts of ascorbic acid (AA): t1 = 0 mg/kg; t2 = 100 mg/kg; t3 = 200 mg/kg; t4 = 400 mg/kg; t5 = 800 mg/kg; t6 = 1600 mg/kg. After the feeding phase, the animals had air exposure for 60 seconds and then returned to the water. Blood was collected by puncture of the caudal vein from three individuals per treatment at 5, 30, 60, and 360 minutes after being returned to the water. With these samples, concentrations of cortisol, glucose, lactate, and total proteins were determined in plasma. In serum, the concentration of Cl- and Na+ ions was measured. Finally, survival was calculated. Data were subjected to ANOVA variance analysis, and when differences were found, the means were compared using Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Cortisol presented the highest peak in specimens fed with AA-free diet. Glucose concentrations were lower in fish supplemented with 400 mg/kg at 5, 30, and 60 minutes. Concentrations of the two ions remained stable over time in the specimens supplemented with 200 mg/kg. Survival was 100% in all treatments. Supplementation with AA concentrations between 100 and 400 mg/kg improved the response of animals to hypoxia stress.

Resumo Juvenis de Piaractus brachypomus (30 ± 4,76g) foram alimentados ad libitum por 30 dias com dieta de 32% proteína, suplementada com seis quantidades diferentes de ácido ascórbico (AA): T1 = 0 mg/kg; T2 = 100 mg/kg; T3 = 200 mg/kg; T4 = 400 mg/kg; T5 = 800 mg/kg; T6 = 1600 mg/kg. Após a fase de alimentação, os animais estiveram em exposição aérea por 60 segundos e em seguida retornaram a água. Sangue foi coletado mediante punção na veia caudal de três indivíduos por tratamento a 5, 30, 60 e 360 minutos após retornar à agua. Com essas amostras determinaram-se em plasma as concentrações de cortisol, glucose, lactato e proteínas totais. Em soro, a concentração de iões Cl- e Na+ for medida. Por fim, a sobrevivência foi calculada. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância ANAVA e, quando diferencias foram encontradas, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). O cortisol mostrou o pico mais alto nos exemplares alimentados com a dieta livre de AA. As concentrações de glucose foram menores nos peixes suplementados com 400 mg/kg a 5, 30 e 60 minutos. As concentrações dos dois iões permaneceram estáveis ao longo do tempo nos exemplares suplementados com 200 mg/kg. A sobrevivência foi de 100 % em todos os tratamentos. A suplementação com concentrações entre 100 e 400 mg/kg AA melhorou a resposta dos animais perante estresse por hipóxia.

Diagnosis of allergic sensitization in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma in a tropical environment.

BACKGROUND: Few studies in tropical developing countries have utilized molecular diagnosis to characterize allergen-specific responses to aeroallergens. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the in vivo and in vitro responses of IgE antibodies to inhalant allergens in allergic patients with rhinitis and/or asthma. METHODS: A prospective study in which patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma were included. Skin prick tests with 16 inhalant extracts of allergens were carried out and total and specific IgE levels for allergens and their molecular components in the serum were determined. RESULTS: In a total of 189 patients, 73.5% showed high levels of total IgE in the serum. The prick tests were positive for the following allergens: Dust mite extracts; more than 60 %, cat; 29.6 %, dog; 23.4 %, and Periplaneta Americana; 21.6 %. Specific IgE for Dermatophagoides farinae and Pteronyssinus was present in 66.6 % of the patients; for Blomia tropicalis; in 45.0 %, for Ascaris lumbricoides; in 24.7 %, for cat; in 17.3 %, for parrot feathers; in 14.8 %, and for Penicillium notatum; in 12.3 %. IgE antibodies to mite allergens of group 1 and 2 were present in 59.0 % and 70.1 % of the sera; 39.1 % contained IgE to rBlo t5, 30.4 %contained rBla g4, 19.9 % contained rFel d1, 11.8 % contained rArt v3, 11.2 % contained Der p10, 9.9 % contained rBla g2, 9.3 % contained rPer a7, 9.3 % contained nFel d2, and 8.7 % contained rCan f1. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that mites are the main sensitizing agents in patients with respiratory allergic diseases in a tropical environment. There was a good correlation between the results of the skin tests and the results of the in vitro tests.

Antecedentes: Pocos estudios en países tropicales y en desarrollo han utilizado el diagnóstico molecular para caracterizar las respuestas específicas a los aeroalérgenos. Objetivo: Investigar las respuestas de anticuerpos IgE in vivo e in vitro a alérgenos inhalantes en pacientes alérgicos con rinitis o asma. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo que incluyó pacientes con rinitis alérgica o asma. Se realizaron pruebas cutáneas por punción con 16 extractos de alérgenos inhalantes y se determinaron los niveles de IgE total y específica para alérgenos y sus componentes moleculares en el suero. Resultados: De 189 pacientes, en 73.5 % se observó niveles elevados de IgE total en el suero. Las pruebas de punción fueron positivas a los siguiente alérgenos: extractos de ácaros más de 60 %, gato 29.6 %, perro 23.4 % y Periplaneta americana 21.6 %. La IgE específica para Dermatophagoides farinae y pteronyssinus estuvo presente en 66.6 %, para Blomia tropicalis, Ascaris lumbricoides, gato, plumas de perico, Penicillium notatum en 45.0, 24.7, 17.3, 14.8 y 12.3 %, respectivamente. Anticuerpos de clase IgE a alérgenos de ácaros de los grupos 1 y 2 estuvieron presentes en 59.0 y 70.1 % de los sueros; 39.1, 30.4, 19.9, 11.8, 11.2, 9.9, 9.3, 9.3 y 8.7 % contenían IgE a rBlot5, rBla g4, rFel d1, rArt v3, Derp 10, rBla g2, rPer a7, nFel d2 y rCan f1, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Se confirma a los ácaros como los principales agentes sensibilizantes en pacientes con enfermedades alérgicas respiratorias en el trópico. Existió buena correlación entre los resultados de las pruebas cutáneas y las pruebas in vitro.

Parámetros productivos y hematológicos de Piaractus brachypomus suplementados con ácido ascórbico y sometidos a estrés por hipoxia / Productive and hematological parameters of Piaractus brachypomus supplemented with ascorbic acid and subjected to hypoxia stress / Parámetros produtivos e hematológicos de Piaractus brachypomus suplementados com ácido ascórbico e submetidos ao estresse pela hipóxia

Resumen Se evaluó el efecto de la suplementación con vitamina C sobre algunos parámetros productivos y hematológicos de cachama blanca sometida a estrés por hipoxia aguda. Fueron utilizados 72 juveniles (30±4,76g),los cuales fueron alimentados ad libitum durante 30 días con dieta de 32% de proteína y diferentes niveles de vitamina C: T1:0 mg/kg; T2:100 mg/kg; T3:200mg/kg; T4:400 mg/kg; T5:800 mg/kg; T6:1600 mg/kg. El día 30, los animales fueron sometidos a exposición aérea durante 60 segundos y devueltos al agua. Se tomaron muestras de sangre a los 5, 30, 60 y 360 minutos, para determinación de hematocrito, hemoglobina, recuento celular (rojas y blancas), conteo diferencial de leucocitos, volumen corpuscular medio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular media (HCM) y concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media (CHCM). Los pesces fueron pesados para calcular ganacia de peso (GP), tasa de crecimiento específico (TCE), crecimiento relativo (CR) y supervivencia. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza (ANAVA) y las medias comparadas por prueba de Tukey (5%). Hubo diferencias significativas para GP, TCE y CR, parámetros en los que el T2 fue el mejor. Asimismo, hubo diferencias significativas para los monocitos entre T1 y T4, T5 y T6 en el primer muestreo, mientras que para basófilos, linfocitos, neutrófilos y eosinófilos no se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos ni tiempos. La supervivencia fue del 100% en todos los tratamientos. Los resultados sugieren que la suplementación con vitamina C en la dieta podría favorecer el crecimiento de la especie, pero que niveles excesivos (1600 mg/kg) pueden tener efectos adversos. Por otro lado, aunque hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos en el número de leucocitos y el porcentaje de monocitos, los parametros hematológicos evaluados permanecieron constantes ante la condición de hipoxia aguda, independientemente del nivel de consumo de la vitamina.

Abstract This experiment evaluated the effect of the supplementation of vitamin C on some productive and hematological parameters of cachama blanca submitted to acute hypoxia. 72 juveniles (30 ± 4.76 g) were used. They were fed ad libitum during 30 days with a diet of 32% of protein and different levels of vitamin C as follows: T1:0 mg/kg; T2:100 mg/kg; T3:200mg/kg; T4:400 mg/kg; T5:800 mg/kg; T6:1600 mg/kg. On day 30 the animals were sujected to aerial exposition during 60 seconds and returned to the water. Blood samples were taken at 5, 30, 60 and 360 minutes, to determine hematocrit, hemoglobin, cell count (red and white), leukocytes differential count, mean corpuscular volume, (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). All animals were weighted to calculate weight growth (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and relative growth (RG). Finally, survival rate was determined. The data were analyzed using variance analysis (ANOVA) and the means were compared using the Tukey's test (5%). There were significant differences for WG, SGR, RG. T2 had the best parameters. The number of leukocytes was significatively higher in T5 in all sampling times. There were significative differences for monocytes among T1 and T4, and T5 and T6 in the first sampling, while for the basophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils there were not any differences among treatments or sampling times. Survival was 100% in all treatments. The results sugest that the supplementation with vitamine C in the diet could favour the growth of the species (WG, SGR, RG), but that excesive levels (1600 mg/kg) could have adverse effects on these parameter. On the other hand, although there were significative differences among treatments in the number of leukocytes and the percentage of monocytes, the hematological parameters evaluated, remained constant in relation to the condition of acute hypoxia, independently of the level of vitamin consumption.

Resumo Foi avaliado o efeito da suplementação com vitamina C em alguns parâmetros produtivos e hematológicos da cachama branca submetida à hipóxia aguda. Foram utilizados 72 juvenis (30 ± 4,76 g), que foram alimentados ad libitum por 30 dias com uma dieta de 32% de proteína e diferentes níveis de vitamina C, constituindo os seguintes tratamentos: T1:0 mg/kg; T2:100 mg/kg; T3:200 mg/kg; T4:400 mg/kg; T5:800 mg/kg; T6:1600 mg/kg. No dia 30, os animais foram submetidos a exposição ao ar durante 60 segundos e devolvidos para a água. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas aos 5; 30; 60 e 360 minutos, para determinação do hematócrito, hemoglobina, contagem de células (vermelhas e brancas), contagem diferencial de leucócitos, volume corpuscular médio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM). Todos os animais foram pesados para calcular o ganho de peso (GP), taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) e crescimento relativo (CR). Finalmente foi determinada a sobrevivência. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Houve diferenças significativas para os parâmetros GP, TCE e CR em que T2 foi o melhor. O número de leucócitos foi significativamente maior no T5 em todos os tempos de amostragem. Houve também diferenças significativas para monócitos entre T1 e T4, T5 e T6 na primeira amostragem, enquanto para basófilos, linfócitos, neutrófilos e eosinófilos não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos e os tempos. A sobrevivência foi de 100% em todos os tratamentos. Os resultados sugerem que a suplementação com vitamina C na dieta pode promover o crescimento da espécie (GP, TCE e CR), porém, níveis excessivos (1600 mg/kg) podem ter efeitos adversos sobre esse parâmetro. Por outro lado, embora houvesse diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos no número de leucócitos e na percentagem de monócitos, aparentemente tal suplementação não parece ter efeito sobre os parâmetros hematológicos avaliados, os quais em geral permaneceram constantes em condições de hipoxia aguda, independente do nível de vitamina consumida.